Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a very common infection that affects both men and women and may cause concern when diagnosed. However, it is important to note that, in most cases, the body clears the virus naturally without causing complications.

A positive HPV diagnosis does not necessarily mean that cancer will develop, as there are many different types of the virus and not all of them are associated with serious health risks. In addition, there are several treatment options available for any lesions it may cause, allowing the condition to be managed effectively.

As a healthcare professional, it is important for you to understand the following about this virus:

What is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?

• It is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide.
• It includes more than 200 different types, approximately 40 of which can affect the genital area.
• In most cases, it causes no symptoms and is cleared naturally by the immune system.
• Some specific types may persist and cause cellular changes that, if left untreated, could develop into cancer.

Types of HPV and their effects on health

Low-risk types

• Types 6 and 11 are responsible for approximately 90% of genital warts.
• Although these warts may be uncomfortable, they do not develop into cancer.
• They are visible and may appear on the genitals, anus and, in rare cases, the mouth or throat.

High-risk types

• Types 16 and 18 are responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases.
• They may also cause other cancers, including anal, penile, vulvar, vaginal and oropharyngeal cancer.
• They do not usually cause visible symptoms until significant cellular changes have occurred.

HPV transmission

HPV is mainly transmitted through:

• Direct skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity; penetration is not necessary.
• Genital contact.
• Oral-genital contact.
• Contact with infected areas, even when there are no visible symptoms.

It is important to know that:

• The virus can be transmitted even when no visible symptoms are present.
• Condoms reduce the risk but do not provide complete protection.
• A person may carry the virus for years without knowing it.

HPV prevention

Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure available. The recommended vaccination schedules are generally as follows:

• Optimal age: 11–12 years, before becoming sexually active.
• Number of doses: Two doses when vaccination begins before the age of 15, and three doses when it begins later.
• Vaccination may also be beneficial for adults up to the age of 45.

Other preventive measures include:

• Consistent condom use.
• Regular gynaecological check-ups.
• Routine screening tests, such as cervical cytology or Pap smears.
• Open communication with sexual partners about sexual health.

HPV screening and diagnosis

Recommended screening tests

• Cervical cytology or Pap smear.
• HPV test.
• Colposcopy, when necessary.

Recommended frequency

• Ages 21–29: Cervical cytology every three years.
• Ages 30–65: Cervical cytology and an HPV test every five years, or cervical cytology alone every three years.
• Over the age of 65: According to individual medical advice.

Treatment for Human Papillomavirus

It is important to understand that there is currently no treatment that directly eliminates the virus. Treatment focuses on managing the conditions it may cause.

Management of genital warts

• Topical treatments prescribed by a doctor.
• Cryotherapy or freezing.
• Surgical procedures when necessary.

Treatment of precancerous lesions

• Cryotherapy.
• Loop electrosurgical excision procedure, or LEEP.
• Cervical conisation.
• Regular monitoring as advised by a healthcare professional.

Supporting the immune system

Although there is no treatment that directly eliminates the virus, you can support your immune system through:

• A balanced diet rich in antioxidants.
• Regular exercise.
• Adequate rest.
• Stress management.
• Avoiding tobacco and limiting alcohol consumption.

When should you consult a doctor?

You should seek medical advice if:

• You notice genital warts.
• You receive an abnormal cervical cytology result.
• You experience abnormal bleeding or persistent pain.
• You have concerns about your sexual health.

HPV is a common infection that can be managed effectively with appropriate care and monitoring. Prevention, early detection and regular follow-up with a healthcare professional are key.

Remember that every case is different, so specific recommendations should always be personalised by a healthcare professional. Our team is available to provide you with the advice and care you need.